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According to the OEM’s calculator, the capacitors being replaced have an expected lifespan of 131,000 hours (approximately 14 years and 11 months) at an operating temperature of 55°C. https://www.nichicon.co.jp/english/products/lifetime/ripple.html?utm_
Electrolytic capacitors, especially aluminum electrolytic types, rely on a liquid electrolyte to maintain their functionality and capacitance. Over time, this electrolyte can evaporate or degrade, causing a decline in performance and eventually leading to capacitor failure. Additionally, the article “Do Capacitors Fail With Age?” offers an overview of how different types of capacitors age and the factors that contribute to their eventual failure
https://www.electronicstalk.org/do-capacitors-fail-with-age/
Capacitors, particularly electrolytic ones, degrade over time due to a combination of factors such as heat, voltage stress, and aging of the materials used in their construction. This degradation happens in stages:
- First Stage: Gradual Performance Degradation
Over time, the electrolyte inside the capacitor evaporates or degrades, and the dielectric material weakens. This process leads to:
- Capacitance Drift: The capacitance value slowly falls out of its specified tolerance, reducing the effectiveness of the capacitor in filtering, smoothing, or coupling applications.
- Increased Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR): The internal resistance of the capacitor rises, which reduces its efficiency and causes it to generate more heat during operation, accelerating further degradation.
In this stage, the circuit may still function but with reduced performance, such as increased ripple in power supplies or instability.
- Second Stage: Catastrophic Failure and Collateral Damage
As the degradation continues, the capacitor can reach a critical point where it fails catastrophically, often in one of the following ways:
- Short Circuit: The capacitor internally shorts, causing excessive current draw that can damage surrounding components.
- Open Circuit: The capacitor loses its functionality entirely, disrupting the circuit’s operation.
- Leakage or Rupture: In electrolytic capacitors, the internal pressure from degraded electrolyte can cause the capacitor to leak or rupture, leading to chemical damage to the PCB and nearby components.
These failures can lead to cascading issues:
- Overloading Other Components: A failed capacitor can cause voltage spikes, excessive current, or uneven power distribution, potentially damaging other critical components like transistors, diodes, or ICs.
- PCB Damage: Electrolytic leakage or thermal damage from a failing capacitor can corrode PCB traces or delaminate the board, making repairs difficult or impossible.
If left unaddressed, the secondary damage caused by capacitor failure can render the entire board unrepairable. This is why proactive maintenance—such as identifying aging capacitors and replacing them before they fail—is essential to extending the lifespan of the equipment and avoiding costly repairs or replacements.